Large speakers are inherently more efficient in producing bass frequencies into a room just because their size compares more favorably with the wavelengths of those sounds. There is reason to be skeptical about such claims on physical grounds. Very small loudspeakers are often promoted as having sound just as good as a large loudspeaker. The realities of diffraction may affect your choice of loudspeakers for your personal listening. Note that the wavelength of the 100 Hz sound is about 3.45 meters, much larger than the speaker, while that of the 2000 Hz sound is about 18 cm, about the size of the speaker. These equal intensity curves were measured in an undergraduate sound laboratory experiment. It is evident that the high frequency sound spreads out less than the low frequency sound. The curves at left represent equal intensity contours at 90 decibels for sound produced by a small enclosed loudspeaker. Since the bass frequencies have longer wavelengths compared to the size of the loudspeaker, they will spread out more than the high frequencies. One consequence of diffraction is that sound from a loudspeaker will spread out rather than just going straight ahead. The long wavelength sounds of the bass drum will diffract around the corner more efficiently than the more directional, short wavelength sounds of the higher pitched instruments. So your experience with sound can give you insights into the limitations of all kinds of imaging processes. When you are several sound wavelengths past the post, nothing about the wave gives you information about the post. The reason for that limitation can be visualized with the auditorium example: the sound waves bend in and reconstruct the wavefront past the post. You cannot see a virus with a light microscope because the virus is smaller than the wavelength of visible light. A fundamental principle of imaging is that you cannot see an object which is smaller than the wavelength of the wave with which you view it. Good sealing of loudspeaker cabinets is required for similar reasons.Īnother implication of diffraction is the fact that a wave which is much longer than the size of an obstacle, like the post in the auditorium above, cannot give you information about that obstacle. Good soundproofing requires that a room be well sealed, because any openings will allow sound from the outside to spread out in the room - it is surprising how much sound can get in through a small opening. Besides being able to hear the sound when you are outside the door as in the illustration above, this spreading out of sound waves has consequences when you are trying to soundproof a room. This aspect of diffraction also has many implications. You may perceive diffraction to have a dual nature, since the same phenomenon which causes waves to bend around obstacles causes them to spread out past small openings. There are other factors such as the higher air absorption of high frequencies involved, but diffraction plays a part in the experience. The thunder from a distant strike will be experienced as a low rumble since it is the long wavelengths which can bend around obstacles to get to you. The thunder from a close bolt of lightning will be experienced as a sharp crack, indicating the presence of a lot of high frequency sound. Another common example of diffraction is the contrast in sound from a close lightning strike and a distant one. The fact that diffraction is more pronounced with longer wavelengths implies that you can hear low frequencies around obstacles better than high frequencies, as illustrated by the example of a marching band on the street. Diffraction in such cases helps the sound to "bend around" the obstacles. The fact that you can hear sounds around corners and around barriers involves both diffraction and reflection of sound. Important parts of our experience with sound involve diffraction. Diffraction of Sound Diffraction of Soundĭiffraction: the bending of waves around small* obstaclesand the spreading out of waves beyond small* openings.* small compared to the wavelength
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Doesn't affect the Firefox browser background though, so this forum is still a light colored background, but that can be changed in the browser options itself. I don't have Windows 7 on my machine, so I initially tested on my wife's machine and was able to change the background color, but that was because she has a high contrast theme selected because a light background is hard on her vision. But, black is probably what you want anyway, by the sound of it. With that theme, you can change the window background color to other colors, beside the default black. I guess I was changing the Window color on a machine that had one of the three High Contrast schemes that default to a black background. In, particular, set Window to Black, and your Folder background will be black. On the Personalize dialog, select "Window Color Slate", and then select the "Advanced appearance settings.", and you can change the color of all kinds of standard window elements. (I usually get to it by right clicking on the desktop and select Personalize). I don't know if there is a way to just change Windows Explorer, but you can change the color of 20 some aspects of windows itself, through the personalize option. You're talking about Folders, so I assume you're referring to using Windows Explorer. Alien Skin Snap Art 4.1.0.Alien Skin Exposure X2 Bundle 1.0.0.78 Revision 35197.A vast library of creative presets provides a variety of gorgeous looks. And it continues Exposure’s tradition of inspiring your creativity and helping you work efficiently. It’s the next step in creating the best non-destructive RAW editor and organizer available. Version 3 makes pictures even sharper without computer artifacts. Exposure X2 is the follow-up to last year’s award-winning Exposure X. Especially in large prints hung on a wall, the difference between Blow Up and Photoshop is astounding. Blow Up keeps photos crystal clear during enlargement. 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Each of these products enhances a professional workflow by improving image quality, saving time, and providing creative freedom. However its based on techniques which visually analyze the elements of images and transform these images into arts which look like that they are created by hand. Alien Skin Snap Art 4.1 is fine application which enables mac ninjas to transform their images into beautiful work of art. The Photo Bundle includes all of our award-winning photography plug-ins: Blow Up, Exposure, Snap Art, Eye Candy. Download Alien Skin Snap Art 4.1 for Mac for Free. Our website provides a free download of Alien Skin Software Photo Bundle 2016 Plugins for Photoshop and Lightroom. The manganese mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO2) was used since ancient times as a black pigment and in glass making. Display: Chromium metal piece and flakes, stainless steel nuts and bolts, chrome-plated plumbing fixtures, crocoite PbCrO4, rubies and a ruby wand Al2O3♼r, and paints with chromium pigments – chrome yellow (PbCrO4) and chromium oxide green (Cr2O3) It is also used for pigments and gives colour to some gemstones, such as rubies and emeralds. The main use of chromium is in metallurgy, for chromium plating to produce a polished appearance and prevent corrosion, and for making stainless steel which is approximately 11% chromium. Chromium is named after the Greek word chroma, meaning colour, owing to the colourful compounds it forms. In 1794, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin experimented with the pigment and showed that it contained a new element which he isolated in 1797. In 1761, Johan Gottlob Lehmann discovered an orange-red mineral he named siberian red lead (now called crocoite, which is lead chromate) which was used as a pigment in paints. Display: Vanadium crystals and pieces, chromium-vanadium steel tools, vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3)Cl, vanadium oxides – VO2 (dark) and V2O5 (orange)Ĭhromium was first investigated as it produces coloured minerals, which were used as pigments. Vanadium oxides are used as catalysts and as fixes for the dyeing of fabrics. Vanadium is used in alloys to increase strength, most commonly in steels, and in lighter titanium alloys for the aerospace industry. The name rionium, honouring del Rio, was also proposed but not adopted. Sefstrom named the element vanadium after the Norse goddess Vanadis, who amongst other things was the goddess of beauty, reflecting the range of beautiful colours of vanadium compounds, and because the symbol V was not in use. In 1831, vanadium was rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrom, and del Rio’s work was verified by Friedrich Wohler. However, in 1805 it was claimed that del Rio had mistaken chromium for a new element, causing del Rio to retract his discovery. He then changed the name to erythronium (meaning red in Greek) as many vanadium salts turned red when heated. He named the element panchromium (meaning all-colours in Greek) as it produced salts of many different colours. In 1801, Andres Manuel del Rio discovered vanadium in an ore called brown lead (now called vanadinite). Display: Titanium metal pellet and rod, titanium oxides – TiO (beige), Ti 2O 3 (purple), TiO 2 (white, also known as titania), titania-containing sunscreen and white paint, and rutilated quartz (quartz contained rutile TiO 2) Titanium alloys are also used in the aerospace industry as they are light, strong and durable. The main use of titanium is as titanium dioxide, used as a white pigment in many applications including paint, toothpaste and sunscreen. Klaproth, upon becoming aware of Gregor’s work, confirmed that he had discovered the same element. In 1795, Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered titanium in the mineral rutile and named it after the Titans of Greek mythology. He concluded that it contained iron oxide and a second oxide which he could not identify, and which he attributed to a new element that he named menachite. William Gregor discovered titanium in 1791 when examining the mineral ilmenite. Display: Scandium metal crystals and bicycle seat post clamp (bolt made from scandium alloy) The main use of scandium is in aluminium alloys to increase their strength for specialised applications in the aerospace industry and for sports equipment. Pure samples of scandium metal were not produced until 1937 as it is neither particularly easy to extract, abundant nor useful. It was detected ten years later in 1879 in the minerals gadolinite and euxenite by Lars Fredrik Nilson who named it after Scandinavia ( Scandia in Latin), as he was Swedish. 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It is a bit of plaster laid by hand over lathe and studs. We who have not done much renovation work in a house tend to view the house as some complex, expensive construct when in fact they are generally made of the most simple technology and easily repairable. Use a a small drill bit and remove all doubt. Hell, I've seen studs that have been pieced together from scraps of 2x's. The best ones to deal with are the owner built homes - 20", 16", 12", whatever inch spacing they felt like. Probably no fireblocks in that house either. Pull the wire out, lay it on the wall, and estimate where the stud is. Bend it until it's feeding more or less parallel to the wall while feeding it in. If all else fails, I drill a small hole, take a couple of feet of wire, and feed it into the hole. Work off of outlet boxes, switch boxes, etc. Often times that low angle light will show nail depressions. IAC, this is what I do, if I can't pull base.įirst thing I'll do is take a decent flashlight, turn it on, and while holding the barrel against the wall, or close to it, shine the light across the wall. I prefer to play it safe for peace of mind.Is the drywall about 2 feet wide, laid horizontally? Buttonboard? Wire lath and plaster? I see them in Southern California pretty often. You cannot lift them single handed (well I can't anyway) and you really do not want them coming off. Whilst possibly over the top but these radiators are seriously heavy and more so when filled with water (they take a lot). With the larger verticals and no feet I found it easier to take down the lathe and plaster and build a studwork frame to suit the radiator fixings before plasterboarding and re-skimming. With the largest of the column cast iron rads I have fitted I removed a horizontal rectangle of the lathe and plaster and fixed timber at the height of the studs before plastering back over. I would strongly recommend buying the Zircon stud detector which I have found excellent and picking up the line of small lathe nails. The radiator stays can go between any of columns to suit the stud spacing. The advantage to the columns is you have much more leeway that with the majority of standard radiators where it will be fixed. In my experience the rad brackets never align with two sets of studs even with the small amount of horizontal play. Still I would want it fixed to the studs. The majority of the weight is being directed straight down. With the rads like the one pictured I would use feet like mentioned above if at all possible. Current task is a wall hung vertical weighing in a 68Kg dry to lathe and plaster. Have had and am still having the same problem as yourself. |
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